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The Spirit of '76 (original title Yankee Doodle) by Archibald Willard, painted in the late 1800s |
November
is a month that here in the United States is defined by food, culminating in a
huge Thanksgiving Day feast. It's also the month we honor our military
veterans. So I'm going to focus on both food and patriotism - especially an
Italian pasta product that became synonymous with a controversial English
fashion and developed uniquely American associations.
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"The Macaroni"- 1773 |
During
the 18th century, it was all the rage for young men of the English
nobility to take a trip through Europe to soak up its art and culture. It was
called the Grand Tour.
In
Italy, these privileged lads discovered a pasta dish far removed from their
usual British fare. It was called maccaroni, and they raved about it
when they got back home. The travelers became known as the Macaroni Club,
though there is no evidence an actual club ever existed.
But
it wasn't their love of pasta recipes that made the club members distinctive.
Along with foreign food, these young aristocrats adopted a style of dress and
behavior that was vastly different than the norm.
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'What is this my Son Tom?"- 1774 |
Scorning the conservative
tailoring and colors that most British men favored, these young men wore
tight-fitting suits made of colorful silk, velvet, and gold or silver lamé, adorned
with sequins and bows. They wore make-up and perfume, carried parasols and
spoke with high-pitched accents. They also spent lavishly on other fancy
accessories, like walking sticks, spyglasses, snuff boxes and shoe buckles.
Another
must-have fashion feature was a towering, powdered wig, topped with an absurdly
small hat, called a "macaroni," which supposedly could be removed
with the tip of a sword.
With
their outlandish clothing and extreme affectations, the
Macaroni Men seemed like a strange new species, neither male nor female, to
their stolid countrymen. With undeniably ambiguous sexuality, the
Macaronis became a target of homophobic ridicule and condemnation. That was no
small matter, because at that time homosexuality was a crime punishable by death.
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Beau Brummell |
And
while the term "macaroni" may seem the same as “dandy" to our
ears, the two styles of male dress were actually very different. Under the
influence of noted Regency dandy Beau
Brummell, dandyism was viewed as a restrained, masculine style. Today's
male fashions still owe a lot to the style Brummell championed 200 years ago.
But
the Macaronis weren’t fazed by criticism or caricature. And now, looking back
over the centuries, their style could be considered an early forerunner to
today’s transgender fashions.
The fad for this painted, foppish style reached a peak in the 1770s, which was the
same time the British were having a spot of trouble with their American
colonies. And that's where the song “Yankee Doodle Dandy” comes in.
It's
an old melody, possibly a Dutch harvest song. The music itself is much older
than any lyrics. It's a tune that goes back to at least to 15th-century Holland
if not medieval times.
During
the French and Indian War, British soldiers created a new set of lyrics to mock
the Americans, and "Yankee Doodle Dandy" was born.
Here
are a few of the many, many verses of the song that we sing today. (Note:
Captain Gooding is probably a generic name for an officer in the Continental
Army. And as for hasty pudding, it's a bowl of mush, made from wheat or
cornmeal.)
Yankee
Doodle went to town
A-riding on a pony,
Stuck a feather in his cap
And called it Macaroni
[Chorus]
Yankee Doodle keep it up,
Yankee Doodle dandy
Mind the music and the step,
And with the girls be handy.
Father and I went down to camp,
Along with Captain Gooding,
And there we saw the men and boys
As thick as hasty pudding.
A-riding on a pony,
Stuck a feather in his cap
And called it Macaroni
[Chorus]
Yankee Doodle keep it up,
Yankee Doodle dandy
Mind the music and the step,
And with the girls be handy.
Father and I went down to camp,
Along with Captain Gooding,
And there we saw the men and boys
As thick as hasty pudding.
That's
one popular version of the song. But it's not like the lyrics are set in stone.
Oh, wait a minute – they are!
And here's how some of the
slurs in the song break down:
- First
of all, "Yankee" is likely a corruption of "Janke" an old Dutch nickname for "John" ("Jan"). The British must have thought using this Dutch name was either funny or a slam against the American colonists, or both.
- "Doodle"
at that time was another word for "fool" (think
"doofus").
- The
"pony" mentioned in the song shows that this doodle couldn't
even afford a horse – a more manly ride.
- Finally,
since he wanted to
be called a Macaroni, a stereotype widely seen as effeminate and even
gay, the Brits were actually calling the Yankees gay and assuming that
they wouldn't be able to put up much of a fight.
Altogether, the song is the type of insult you'd expect from middle-school bullies on a playground.
There's
a snobbish aspect to the satiric ditty as well. Macaronis were members of the
British nobility and the stupid doodle thought it was enough to "stick a
feather in his cap" to be accepted into that class.
But
during the American Revolution, the rebels turned the tables. They embraced the
song and used it to taunt their enemy. Captured British soldiers complained
that they were forced to sing the song over and over again as a punishment. The
captive redcoats got quite sick of it, and probably wished they'd never made
those lyrics up in the first place.
Today
Americans call themselves Yankee Doodle Dandies with pride. “Yankee
Doodle” is the state song of Connecticut, one of the 13 rebel colonies.
And then there's the New York Yankees, a professional baseball team.
So,
Yankee Doodle lives on, but today most people think of pasta not people when
they hear the word “macaroni."
However,
there are some signs that Macaronis are becoming fashionable once again, minus
the stigma they had centuries ago. Transgender models are making an impact on
fashion runways around the world, and companies like Morphe and others promote
cosmetics for the LBGTQ community. The taboo against men using beauty products
and wearing makeup is rapidly fading.
There's
even a modern-day Macaroni who's adopted the 18th-century term. Mark Thawin is
a Thai hairstylist who uses the handle "macaroniii" for his Instagram
account,
where he regularly posts stylish photos of himself. He currently has over
24,000 followers.
However,
in the US the term "macaroni" still has patriotic connotations, even
though most of us have forgotten its original meaning.
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Caroline with her dad in 1963 |
And
that's because of the widespread popularity of "Yankee Doodle."
In
the 1960s, President John F. Kennedy gave his daughter Caroline a pony that the
Kennedys named Macaroni in honor of the Revolutionary ballad.
And
speaking of the 20th century, I have to mention the famous 1904 George M. Cohan
song, "(I'm a) Yankee Doodle Dandy."
Cohan's
creation made movie history when James Cagney performed it with his signature
tap-dancing strut in the 1942 movie Yankee Doodle Dandy.
Here's
a brief clip:
All things considered, macaroni is a pretty patriotic dish. Maybe it should be a Thanksgiving
staple, right up there with turkey and cranberry sauce.
And don't forget the feather! A turkey feather will do.
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Vintage postcard from Dave /Flickr.com |
Sources for this post include:
Peter MacNeil, Pretty Gentlemen: Macaroni Men and the
Eighteenth-Century Fashion World, Yale University Press, New Haven and
London, 2018
David Segal, ”That
Diss Song Known as ‘Yankee Doodle’” The New York Times, July 1,
2017
Rictor Norton, "The Macaroni Club:
Homosexual Scandals in 1772", Homosexuality in
Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook, December 19,
2004, updated June 11, 2005, updated June 13, 2017
~~
Images courtesy of Wikimedia
Commons
I had no idea that James Cagney could really dance! I've always thought of him as a gangster character.
ReplyDeleteThanks for your comment! Cagney was very versatile - he grew up in vaudeville, and he could dance and sing and crack jokes with the best of them. But in the movies he could portray truly terrible bad guys. He has a famous scene in 1931's The Public Enemy where his character (a gangster) smashes half a grapefruit into his girlfriend's face. It was his breakthrough role!
DeleteThanks for your blog post. I thought it was very infomative and entertaining! When I watched the video clip with Jimmy Cagney dancing up the wall, it reminded me of Penelope and Athena! I saw both bunnies do the same thing when they were in their little outdoor pen! Haha!!!
ReplyDeleteI would've loved to see that! Maybe they were born to dance! Thanks for the comment and the image of the bunnies dancing in their pen.
Delete